The term aging describes the process of becoming older, which happens over the entire life span of a person. Aging is not only a dynamic process, but also has a strong relation towards the course of life (e.g., influence of previous life stages) and context (e.g. influence of different environments such as the social environment).
In addition, there are gender-specific differences and inter-individual/intra-individual differences that occur at the cognitive, physical and/or social level (Bubolz-Lutz et al., 2010, 28). All these different factors have different effects on the human aging process. Above all, the baby boomer generation, in other words those born after the Second World War who thus are still before retirement (aged 50-65), are materially secure and participate more actively in social life than previous generations.
The share of these active seniors will increase in the future. This generation corresponds to the so-called concept of „successful aging“ (Baumgartner, Kolland & Wanka, 2013, 26f.): „According to Rowe and Kahn (1997) these three main factors have to be fulfilled to achieve successful aging: [1] low probability of disease and disease-related restrictions or even disability, [2] high cognitive and psychological abilities and [3] active participation in life.“ (Baumgartner, Kolland & Wanka, 2013, 28f.; translated from German).
Active aging means not only activity in old age, but also health, independence and productivity. These aspects are partially based on the theory of successful aging, where social activity and participation are recognized as the well-being and quality of life of older adults. The columns of active aging are maintaining social, mental and psychological health as long as possible. Health is an important pillar besides participation and safety (Baumgartner, Kolland & Wanka, 2013, 26f.). Health is therefore a core element in old age. According to the health definition of the World Health Organization (WHO) from 1946 is „Health […] a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of illness or infirmity.“ (World Health Organization, 1946, 119)
This understanding of health forms the basis of the WHO’s approach to health promotion, as phrased in the 1986 Ottawa Charter. „Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.“ (World Health Organization, 1986)